This is the blog of a frustrated gamer, enjoy at your own risk…

hardware

Goodbye Demon’s Souls…

Many years ago, it seems like it now, a little known game was released. Demon’s Souls. After the gaming press pooped their pants with excitement, and hearing about it for many months I decided it was time to actually invest in an annoying RPG.

I say annoying because of something I decided to do around the start of 2009. I wanted to actually give some genres a chance instead of just ignoring them and playing counter-strike or rainbow six. Following that I bought Mass Effect, Fallout 3, Borderlands, and eventually Demon’s Souls. I was intrigued by ME, but it was a bit underwhelming when the ending rolled around. I was a bit interesting in how a gigantic barren field could hold my interest in fallout. I was pissed off that I spent 40+ hours playing borderlands, because it was a useless waste of time that I want back. Then came Demon’s Souls.

I spent the first night messing about the first level. Impressed at how I had unlocked two gates as a means to keep track of my progress for future playthroughs of the level, and I sat and stared at a gigantic door for 3 minutes deciding if I was going to open it. It was late, I was tired, and I had to get up for work in the morning. I decided I would give it a go and if I came into trouble turn it off and that would be the end of it for the night. I destroyed Phalanx by figuring out what I had to do, running around and avoiding damage, and needless to say I had impressed myself with actually being able to beat a boss first go around.

I thought about the game the entire day at work, couldn’t get past how much the ambiance of the world had sucked me in, had interested me, and I wanted another taste of it as soon as possible. I spent that night running around some hub world, trying to find some “monumental” who was supposed to explain how it all works. After finding an image of them online I had actually walked right past them at least 10 times. Listened to the story bit, leveled up, and awaited my next play.

That continued for a month, I would think about the game constantly, having it nag at me in the back of my mind, working through ways to get around the world and replaying the game in my head over and over. It wasn’t an obsession, it was lust. That game had something about it, something I wanted, something that brought out the best of me, the worst of me, and made me realize a lot about myself as a gamer.

I had gotten to the second boss, probably stared at the third, and I had decided to move on to a second character. I flew through the first level, got to the same spot, and tried another character. It was getting to the point where the game had little room for my tomfoolery and I had to return to my starting character.

I sat down one day, Beep… Beep… Beep…, Black. “Ugh, what now” I thought. I looked at the ps3 as I turned it on, green, yellow…. Fuck. I spent the next month waiting for the RMA to get to my door, boxing it up, calling Sony and explaining shit for the 4th time. Apparently it was going to be $150 dollars to fix my 60 gb ps3 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4CASA0vlXk). My UK friend had the same thing happen a month ago to him.

Well, no worries, everything was backed up to a spare drive, I had everything in waiting, I would soon play again. I get the box, start to import the data, but apparently some of it is “protected” to stop me from stealing trophies or something. Oh great, every single game with trophies is not allowed to be imported, it is there, but I can’t import it. Thanks, Sony. Fine, I’ll just redownload every single game from psn again, patch the games, restart everything, and enjoy my Demon’s Souls.

Good, back at Phalanx and done with the first world. I even tried to remake my characters, but it wasn’t the same. I decided to just stick with my main, get as far as possible. A few months later…. Bleep Bleep Bleep, flashing red. SERIOUSLY! Alright Sony, I’m not paying you money to fix this, you obviously can’t, let me just go buy a slim and be done with heat issues. I beg my dad to take me to the store, the one that actually has it in stock, and have access to my stuff again. I spent a week redownloading all of my psn stuff, repatching every disc I had, what a wonderful “feature”. Made me miss steam, just doing shit for me.

Things got busy with school, I had gotten to the bridge again, with that stupid dragon, but I wanted to level up a bit and try to take it down. I tried for weeks, barely doing anything, magic, bows, nothing…. Oh well. I pushed on, got to the second half of the first world, practically cleared it, messed around with just about every world, and finally gotten to explore the entirety of the game it seemed. I looked into special weapons, world tendency, and I even managed to get some cool stuff during events that unlocked them. I would intentionally die on the first world in order to cause tendency, just to unlock a gate on the left side. Man that lady was hard, oh well.

I went to work that day, seemed like any other day. I got a call, little brother, “The house was broken into, they took your ps3.” WHAT! FFS, it wasn’t…. Are you serious? Hold on… I walked outside, got the details. My mom was having knee surgery, what a great time for this to happen. “It’s weird,” my brother said, “they left flowers and candy in mom’s room.” Heh, no man, those were from me. Alright, I’ll see it when I get home.

Just like that, a year long journey to enjoy a simple game was destroyed. Some asshole had taken everything, my ps3, some cables, thankfully he didn’t touch my rig. It seemed like a year and a half before insurance paid me for it…. A whopping 150 dollars, it was the 250 gb version.
I spent the next few years on steam, waiting for the time to buy a ps3 again, waiting for that moment when I would get a chance to try my hand at playing the game again. It’s been 2 years. Now I get news that there will be a sequel. Cool, but it won’t be the same. I wonder if there will be a pc port? Anyways, I wish I had my ps3 back. Back to Counter-Strike…

I spent many months, years it seems just wanting to buy the system, buy the piece of crap that died twice, that has all the shit I wanted as long as I pay them for “fixing their broken shit”. Piracy my ass, thanks Sony. I even bought Gran Turismo Collector’s edition, a strategy guide for dark souls, just to get a taste. I had to borrow a friend’s ps3 just to redeem the dlc code for GT5, so that it didn’t expire.

Annoying…

It’s strange how you can spend so much time, more time thinking about a game then actually playing it. The only reason I wrote this is because those thoughts, those experiences, that game, is changed forever. The servers are going down, it will be playable, but it won’t be the same. It has survived all this time on sheer fans dragging it to the front of people’s faces, forcing them to give it attention. Hardly any other game has done that. Heck, even got myself a PC port on the way of Dark Souls, that will be nice, but it isn’t the same, it is the original, it isn’t where it all started, not even the same company.

I guess the only way to end this is to say thanks, thanks Demon’s Souls. I’m sorry some people saw you as just a “difficult game” or something where you are “hardcore” because they play you. I’m sorry I never got the chance to find out what happens on 1-4, or at 5-2, but thanks for the memories. Thanks for taking the time to show me what some of the world has to offer, that even though the game may be an RPG, it isn’t. Even though the game has online integration, it’s something so much more. There isn’t too much I can say, except you are probably the best game this generation, probably the most important one since half-life, but no one will ever admit it. One day I’ll have a ps3, probably right after Sony decides to pull its head out of its ass, but for now… Keep enjoying the shelf. Thanks for everything…

-nabokovfan87


Improvement: Take Pride in Design!

Patching games to fix issues is nothing new.  It started in the arcades with ROMs, which were updated to fix exploits, revise difficulty, and improve the overall experience for the players.  This legacy continued on the PC platform, where the internet connectivity made it the perfect place to easily update games.  Now we live in a console centric world where platforms like Steam are seen as useless because “PC gaming is dead” and the normal routine is to pay Microsoft and Sony for the pleasure of removing annoyingness from their broken systems.  Be it cheating, exploits, game breaking bugs, or even the all encompassing “security update,” most modern patches revolve around 2 things, piracy or laziness.

Any gamer on the PS3 has experienced the following, and gotten shit from Xbox gamers because their particular platform is “far superior” to PSN.  After unboxing a game, put it in the system, turn on system, install firmware update, wait 30 minutes for that to finish, launch game, new patch notice, begin patch process, 20 minutes later the patch utility restarts and installs the patch for 10 minutes.  By the time this process is completed, what little time some people have for gaming is gone and “fun” must wait for the next opportunity.  It is an asinine system that is built to ensure people will more than likely purchase the proprietary “subscription” service for either console in order to not put up with bullshit.

Xbox gamers can say Xbox live is better, but let us all stop pretending.  When I play my games on PC I turn the PC on, check my email, check the news, and I more often than not immediately get a popup indicating that a few of my games were patched.  Imagine that, a system where developers use the internet to send things to their consumers easily, quickly, and without someone else prohibiting what used to be a seamless exchange.  There is no need for a long and drawn out “approval process.”  Those hardly ever improve anything and are only intended to make console gamers wait for shit and pad Microsoft and Sony’s bottom line demonstrating how “useful” they are to developers.  Microsoft’s uselessness has even found its way onto PC, in the form of GFWL.  It is amazing how the same games can come out on entirely different platforms, no matter the audience size, and how much bullshit one group will put up with.  That is the passion the designers should have.

Console games used to be designed for cartridges, where the fabrication of the games themselves was expensive and final.  Games had to be perfect, if they were not, there was no going back, no revision, and no way to “fix” lazy mistakes.  As a child, those were just bad games, now we see popular games like Street Fighter IV and others with revisions on release day awaiting the player.

I used to be on the PS3 side of things, but after having my 6th one stolen and being told by Sony I had to wait a year to play my games because “I had previously deauthorized my accounts in the past year.”  #4 and #5 were YLODs and #2 and #3 were shipped incorrectly during the RMA process, which damaged them.  That is on top of losing my saves more than three times for extremely difficult games like Demon’s Souls, all thanks to hardware encryption rules which are used to “prevent piracy” or as I like to call it, “more bullshit.”  Needless to say I have enjoyed being forced to only play my games on the PC side of things, it has made me appreciate the ease of use with the interface and not having to put up with categories or blades, but being able to sort things easily as I see fit.

I enjoy picking what server I want to join, what map, game type, and rules I want to play with in Counter-Strike.  If CS had the same setup as Halo and Gears, all that would be played is Dust2, nothing else.  No gun game would exist, no zombie mode, no surf, no anti-Awp/Auto servers, no beginner servers, no servers with different player limits, no arena servers, no standard map only servers, and more importantly everyone would have to put up with stupid amounts of lag because they never get to choose which region their server exists in, that being if they were even given the option of having a server at all.  It is a luxurious experience to simply have things work the way they should, and while Steam has many issues, it is a vast improvement over PSN patching and paying for half the game over in Xbox land.

This is not just an issue for the provider, it is an issue for the development of games as well.  Skyrim has had quests that have been broken and would lead to the loss of saves, loss of quest completion, loot, ability to progress further in the game, as well as many others.  TF2 has been practically remade in a different light, patched over 250 times into a game that is now about hats rather than strategy.  It is standard practice to release a game, and day of release require an initial patch before actually playing the game.  I am sure anyone could Google some form of “most broken game, worst patch, or release day woes” and find hundreds of thousands of pages filled with users complaining about that very subject.  These all occur because patches are no longer about improving the user experience, or adding to the game, it is about fixing what is broken, and was released in half-playable condition.  The best way to improve a game, franchise, series, and platform is to hold the people making the game responsible.  If you take pride in your work, if you do it to the best of your ability, it will result in amazing user experiences like Demon’s Souls, Half Life, and F.E.A.R.

Now we move to the all important topic of the month it seems, piracy.  Sopa and Pipa, Oh… Pipa, popularized the whole anti-antipiracy sentiment because consumers were against a system whereby some overseer was able to dictate whether or not they had access to something.  Sound familiar Mr. Microsoft and Sony?  It is funny how consumers cannot hack devices to put free games on them, fix broken firmware, or just flat out improve the functionality of a device, but it is OK for the same group demanding the previous activity be stopped to lock users out of basic fixes and flat out hold them out of multiplayer for an entire platform unless they pay a fee.  I am going to guess you can see where this is going, you think I am going to rant about how piracy is not evil and how the world should simply allow it to exist?

Well, no, I have been living in a world of piracy for many decades now.  One currently where it is easiest to simply Google a game name and have an ISO download link immediately, that works for every console, not just PC games folks.  While you can blame PCs for all of the piracy, it is quite clear that torrent websites have been attacked by trojans, congressmen, angry developer letters, and police raids all of which have more than curbed piracy of large files like games.  The addition of digital download platforms has put the nail in the coffin for the common gamer as well.  The rest of those whom pirate PC games are simply the hardcore hackers, pirates, and vermin that will never pay for anything if they can get it for free, it is a psychological barrier, not one that software and hardware based DRM will help to break.  Again, I am not vouching for it, I am simply stating facts.

These both culminate with what amounts to two separate platforms where the driving force for updating is to stop piracy or fix bugs that should have been caught by anyone who actually played the game prior to release.  Instead, games are designed to a deadline, an insane deadline that encourages the “we will fix it later” mindset.  The single best way to improve the gaming experience, simply stop being lazy and stop being all about prohibiting users.  As Jim pointed out, the best way to fix piracy is to simply provide a better experience.  Steam has done this.  Indie titles like Beat Hazard, blockbusters like Demon’s Souls, user supported games like Frozen Synapse, and even Kickstarter projects like Abandoned all put the game above any sort of anti-piracy or laziness.  Fans have directly supported all of these things with community feedback, monetary support, word of mouth, and in some cases direct design discussions with users.  These games may take a bit of extra time, but there is nothing better than word of mouth and customers doing the marketing to sell a game.

It is all about making the single best possible experience available to the player.  I think many game developers, platform holders, and even gamers forgot about that a long time ago.  It is not about making something for money, fame, or to be better than the person next to you, the reason certain games will always be considered good, and the reason games are around today, is because those games have the heart and soul of every person that worked on it and every time you launch the game you can see the passion on the screen.


Buying a Video Card: What to Look For

Buying a Video Card

I. Introduction – What is a video chip and where is it at?

Video processing or the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), comes in two forms. One is located in the northbridge of a motherboard. The other is located in a dedicated video card typically plugged into the PCI-Express x16 slot of a motherboard.

a. Onboard Chipset

This form of GPU has historically been very poor at doing anything other than watching videos through a browser, DVD playback, or other light uses where something more powerful is not required. However, in recent years, these chips have become much more powerful, some can play back blu-ray movies and even games. This is due to modern GPUs being more powerful then ones in the past, and game engines being older then the GPUs available.

b. Dedicated Video Card

A dedicated video card has much more uses. In addition to everything an onboard chip can do, dedicated graphics cards can handle much more demanding games, HD streaming video, 3d modeling and drawing, rendering, video creation and editing, and blu-ray playback with all of its features.

II. Stream Processors

Video cards typically contain what is known as stream processors. They act as the “army” of the video card. The more “soldiers” you have the more powerful and quicker a video card can do things. In reality, stream processor act as the processor or CPU of the video card where each of them works together to calculate things and perform specific tasks that you require of them. This is what is called parallel computing or processing.

III. Memory

Typically video cards have much faster memory then what a normal motherboard contains, and acts in just the same way. It is a very fast way of storing and reading things that the card’s stream processors use. What memory mostly effects is textures, those being everything you see on the game. Each brick, tire, or piece of trash is part of a texture, the more ram you have the more textures you can load into the video cards ram, and the faster that ram is the quicker it can display it on the screen. In some cases, more memory allows you to display much larger textures resulting in a more detailed image.

IV. Limitations

Video cards can be limited by several factors. Certain things can limit the performance of a video card while others can drastically help a card last much longer then intended.

a. Slot Types

Video cards used to come in 2 older forms, PCI slots and AGP slots. Both of these have been replaces by PCI-Express Slots which operate at varying speeds, but typically the x16 speeds are reserved for dedicated video cards.

PCI-Express slots have different versions, those being:

  • 1.0 – Initial release, contains a transfer speed of 2.5 billion data transfers per second (2.5 GT/s)
  • 1.1 – Moderate fixes
  • 2.0 – Double the bandwidth of its 2.0 counterpart (5 GT/s)
  • 2.1 – Same bandwidth as v2.0 but has the power advantages of 3.0 slots3.0 – Bandwidth of 8 GT/s and removal of encoding overhead

Keep in mind that a 2.0 slot video card will work perfectly fine when used in a v1.0 slot or a v3.0 slot. All of them are compatible, but most modern motherboards only support v2.0, but older ones that have not been upgraded in a while will be v1.0. You cannot even buy a v3.0 card until late 2010 or early 2011, and there will not be a motherboard to support it until then.

Graphics chips come in different versions. Let’s suppose it is a year from now and you are buying a video card upgrade. If you buy a v3.0 card for your now v2.0 motherboard, when you later build a new machine, the old video card in the new slot will operate much better because it is no longer limited by the slot bandwidth. You may be surprised at how well it performs and get a few months of life to allow for that new release of video cards or price drop.

b. Bandwidth

Memory bandwidth is a 3 tiered system currently, and will eventually have more and more tiers as technology progresses. Right now the three tiers are 256-bit memory, 128-bit memory, and 64-bit memory. 256-bit has 2x the bandwidth of the 128-bit memory and 128-bit memory has 2x the bandwidth of 64-bit memory. These bits refer to the size of the data chunk capable of being sent and stored on the GPUs ram.

A video card developer will release their top tier card, containing all the bells and whistles, the highest amount and quickest memory, highest amount of stream processors, and highest memory bandwidth of that line of graphics cards. After those cards are released 2 things will happen, they take things out and lower the power requirements of newer video cards by releasing versions with slower and less memory, less stream processors, and lower memory bandwidth to allow those cards to sell for less money. They will also take chips from the top performing single GPU cards and place two of them on a single board, almost doubling the performance and the price.

c. Size

One thing that limits some users selection is the physical dimensions of a video card, in particular its length. Be sure to measure the room inside your case when considering your next video card purchase. The other size factor that limits your selection is the cooling heatsink and fan. These come in two forms, single slot and dual slot. This refers to the mounting bracket on the case that is required and used to supply extra room inside the case for the video cards expanded cooling. Most high performing video cards will be dual slot design.

V. Multiple GPUs – SLI / Crossfire

There are two ways to accomplish having multiple GPUs, the first is to buy a single card with two GPUs on one PCB or board and the second is to purchase multiples of the same card, typically same vendor, and connect them on the motherboard through SLI cables (nvidia) or Crossfire cables (AMD/ATI). In either case you will not get the same performance, but there are differences and advantages to each.

a. One Board Scenario

The main difference between one board and multiple boards is that the two GPUs are not limited to a connector speed. The two GPUs can talk to each other on the same board without bandwidth limitations. This results in slightly better performance when compared to two cards setup in SLI/Crossfire, but also has its own drawbacks. Heat is a much bigger issue when you have two high powered GPUs right next to each other as opposed to with dedicated coolers on each. This reduces or limits overclocking ability and may result in liquid cooling being necessary in some instances.

b. Multiple Card Scenario

In the second case, you have distance between each card, typically not very much, but each card still has its own heatsink and fan. The main advantage of SLI/Crossfire is that the limit to the number of GPUs you can use is double that of the single board method. You can go crazier by mixing the two methods and having two boards with multiple GPUs in SLI/Crossfire. Unfortunately there is a catch. Typically with most motherboard, when you use more than one card the bandwidth of the PCI-Express slots is limited. Typically a x16 single card scenario will become two x8 slots sharing the available bandwidth between each other. However, in high end motherboard, sever x16 slots are used and the full speed of a card can be utilized.

c. Mixed

Although not very common, it is possible to take several cards containing multiple GPUs on one board, and set them up in a multiple card scenario. This produces a lot of heat, and liquid cooling is the best option to keep components cool enough to operate.

VI. Power

Most middle and high end cards require a connector from the power supply to be directly connected to the video card. There are three varieties, but only two are now used, 6-pins and 8-pins.

When buying a power supply you will need to make sure you have these, and when buying a video card you will need to check what the power requirements of a particular graphics card is and compare it with your current systems power output and availability. If you do not have these connectors it does not mean you can use higher end graphics cards, simply that you will need to buy a 4-pin Molex to 8-pin/6-pin adapter.

Simply having available connectors does not mean that you can run any graphics card. You need to have the wattage as well. Going by modern PSUs, you typically need 650 watts or better to be able to have SLI/Crossfire capable setup. I have even found in some instances, 650 watt PSUs or better are the only ones that have enough of these connectors to allow for SLI/Crossfire.


Nabo’s Hardware School: The Processor/CPU

What to look for when buying A CPU/Processor

A CPU, centralized processing unit, or processor, is what does everything for a computer. All the calculations, and is the brain of everything. Needless to say this should be your best part, no matter what. There are very different design philosophies for pc builders. You have those who will spend money every six months because something was just released, whereas I prefer to build a PC that lasts several years. I am on a very tight budget, a college student, and I do a lot of other things with my PC. Having power is important, and both times I built my PC I did so by purchasing the best CPU available for the price.

So this starts us with different types of CPUs, and I am not talking AMD vs. Intel, but the number of cores, which is typically 2 or 4 (and now 6). What would be the advantage of having more cores? Well, certain games can utilize more cores, specifically strategy games or other games where a lot of physics is involved, Crysis perhaps. So, if you have a strategy game fix or if that is your genre, be sure to start with a quad core. Other applications can take advantage of this as well. Editing is a very specific way where having more cores can help. Be it video, audio, or photo, most modern editing programs have been written to take advantage of multiple threads.

This leads us to what makes a single core different from a quad core. This is because of how computers give a processor tasks. They do so in a list type format, each item on that list is referred to as a thread. So, a processor with more cores can do more tasks at once. This is only for things that are written to take advantage of multi-threaded environments, so not every program will see a benefit, but in today’s age most will.

With that out of the way, the next “thing” you need to look at is the speed of a processor. To do so, you need to understand something called a clock. Without getting too technical, the clock is what drives the CPU, the heartbeat. It “ticks” every allotted amount of time. So, it might take 3 ticks for something to look up and read a specific bit of the memory. It might take twice as long to write to that bit. So on and so on. What this means is the faster the speed, the smaller amount of time those ticks become. This does not mean that a 2.8 GHz processor is .2 GHz slower than its 3.0 counterpart at performing, but it means that the latter will be quicker. Some might not notice it, but others will when you get into situations where speed can be taken advantage of.

There is one other thing you should be aware of, and that is called cache. Cache is essentially a tiny hard drive for the processor to store things on. Why not just use the hard drive? Well, it is because cache, and ram/memory, has the advantage of being hundreds and thousands of times faster. Optical media and USB drives being the slowest, hard drives being quicker, then ram, then cache. What this allows the CPU to do is perform things on certain tasks that are done a lot very quickly. To complicate things there are different levels of cache. Each core has its own, then each pair of cores shares what is called the L2 or level 2 cache, and most processors have what is called L3 cache, level 3, for all the cores to share. This allows one core to pass data to another core so that if a core is waiting for that specific piece of data then it won’t have to wait for it to be written and then read by the other core. So, when buying a processor, trying to decide between several, you might want the one with more cache, and the one with L3 cache instead of just L1 and L2.

Now that you know the basics you might ask, what is the most important of these and what is a good processor? Well, I would not tell anyone building a computer today to go with anything other than a quad core or better. You can buy quad cores for a few dollars more than a good dual core. So what speed should you get? Well, most people doing any type of video watching, editing, or gaming would be smart to go with a fast processor. Since the spectrum of speed typically goes from 1.8 GHz up to right around 3.6/3.8 GHz, a fast processor to me would be 2.8 GHz or better. This will not only help you get things done faster, but extend the life of your computer for years. Most laptop owners wonder why things are so slow, the first thing I do is tell them to take a look at their processor speed, typically 2.2 GHz or less. These two things along with socket type and less so cache help to determine which you should choose, but these two are the most important. I will get into socket type when I discuss motherboards.

With that little bit of education you should be able to get yourself started. Find out what kind of a price you want to spend on your computer. Let’s say two scenarios, $500 or $1000 builds, I would spend 100-150 and 200-300 on each respectively. That is around one quarter of the budget. It might seem like a lot, but remember, and we will get into this more in-depth in motherboards, but replacing a CPU isn’t as simple as taking it out and putting in a new one, it usually involves new ram and a motherboard.

Just a note, I don’t have anyone to look over these before I post them, if you want the job PM me.

Chip Size and Speed

Some of you might be wondering what the chip size has to do with performance. What is the reason for having a 32 nm chip as opposed to a 45 nm chip? Well, the answer is twofold. First, the die that the chips are made from will yield more chips if they have a smaller area. The second is that when you have a smaller chip die, you have a smaller distance between components on those chips. This leads to much faster speeds because the electrons travel at a set speed and the only way to make the performance faster is to decrease the distance they have to travel. That is why in motherboard design things like the processor and memory are right next to each other, decreasing the travel distance and increasing the possible speed, therefore performance.

That leads to one question, what is the downside of a smaller chip? Well, the result of a smaller chip is that the pathways have much less of an ability to cool down, resulting in a hotter running chip. Sometimes this can be overcome through a cooling design, but in other cases it cannot. Another negative of a smaller chip is the risk of pathways crossing and electrons jumping from one path to another, essentially creating a short and damaging the chip. Shielding to prevent this takes space, which results in a larger die being required until the shielding can be perfected on the smaller die size.

Now, what does this mean when you select a processor, video card, or motherboard? Well, typically manufacturers release revisions of chips. One based off the previous, but having fixes and changes to improve performance. One of the most typical changes is a die shrink, resulting in faster performance on an already proven chip layout design. So be sure to look out for the newest revisions of chips, and find out what has changed between a newer revision and its older counterpart before you decide which to base your computer on.


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